Corporate Finance Test with Answers - 1734 Words

Corporate Finance: An Introduction (Welch) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Goal of Finance: Relative Valuation 1) Which of the following statements is true? A) In finance, it is important to determine an asset s absolute value. B) The relative value of any asset is, at best, a lucky guess. C) The true value of an asset is unaffected by externalities such as interest rate levels, the state of the economy, etc. D) Valuation is not an exact science. Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Valuation 2) The law of one price stipulates that A) identical goods must be sold to all buyers at the same price; otherwise price discrimination occurs. B)†¦show more content†¦B) Although most projects involve both financial and non-financial costs and benefits, the non-financial items are typically minor and can be ignored when estimating a project s value. C) Opportunity costs--e.g., cash flows that would be generated by an alternative project--should be included in your cash flow analysis. D) Both B and C are false statements. Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Project cash flows 3) David owns the building out of which he operates a small graphic arts business. He has extra space available and is considering converting the extra space into a gourmet coffee shop that he would also run. A local businesswoman has offered to rent the extra space from him for her own needs. She has suggested she would be willing to pay $1,000 a month in rent. In estimating the cash flows associated with the gourmet coffee shop, David should A) include the $1,000 rent as a cash inflow. B) include the $1,000 rent as a cash outflow. C) ignore the $1,000 rent since it is a non-issue if David decides to undertake the coffee shop project. D) consider the $1,000 as an added benefit. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Project cash flows 4) You own a firm if A) you own all the outstanding stock. B) you own all the outstanding bonds. C) you own all the outstanding stock and bonds. 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Mobile marketing trends Free Essays

Mobile marketing trends in India Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. The marketing concept is a philosophy. It makes the customer, and the satisfaction of his or her needs, the focal point of all business activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile marketing trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is driven by senior managers, passionate about delighting their customers. Marketing Is a mall element for the successful sale of any product. Products like a soap or toothpaste or a car and lots more require a good marketing strategy. Mobile phone is most commonly found product and which does require marketing plans to Improve its sale. Mobile marketing requires high funds and therefore the funds are sanctioned. Samsung, MicroVAX, spice, and many other Internationally recognized brands spend a lot of money for mobile marketing. Under marketing plans mobile marketing has gained a huge exposure and is one the most popular marketing. What is mobile marketing? Using different techniques of marketing like manners or advertisements or newspaper pictures or clippings or banners on buses or rickshaws to increase the sale of the mobile phone is mobile marketing. The purpose of this essay Is therefore to analyze the ways in which mobile marketing works and the factors that led to the huge success behind It. Whilst it is clear that there are many factors, which influence a particular decision, in a similar way many factors influence marketing of a mobile phone. Factor such as substitute or complementary goods for mobile phone will surely affect marketing strategy of a particular mobile phone. If tablets or Pads have better marketing plans then It will definitely create an Impact on the consumers. The sale of mobile phones will see a downfall. Another such factor would be the special Influences and then the main factor is the tastes and preferences. Producers have found out the taste of the consumers or the main objective behind buying such devices and create different marketing plans based on the consumers interest. They try to attack the weakness of the consumer and somehow convince them to buy the mobile. Mobile phones use the social networking APS and special plans created by the outwork carriers, which help the poor to buy a mobile phone too. Social networking APS are the main target. Social networking basically is – Interpersonal interaction is the gathering of people into particular gatherings, in the same way as little provincial groups or an area subdivision, in the event that you will. Albeit person-to-person communication is conceivable In individual, particularly in the work environment, colleges, and secondary schools, It Is most famous on the web. This Is on the grounds web is loaded with a large number of people who are looking to meet other individuals, to accumulate and impart direct data and encounters about cooking, playing golf, planting, creating companionship proficient collusions, discovering occupation, business-to-business Advertising and even gatherings offering data about preparing treats to the Flourish Development. The points and premiums are as differed and rich as the story of our universe. Regarding online long-range interpersonal communication, sites are ordinarily utilized. These sites are known as social locales. The most used social networking sites are backbone, twitter, IBM. These social networking sites have their APS, which can be installed in the smart phones and phones. Mobile marketing trends have been dominating the early 2014 (business insider INDIA). The way social networking sites have created a huge impact on the mobile marketing trends are somewhat like, better gee targeting. Gee focusing on or area based portable Promoting is truly energize for advertisers and has picked up massive prevalence throughout the last few years. This is a vital pattern that truly brings quality to shoppers by giving them a chance to discover items and administrations in their area when they need. Gee focusing on is one of the heavenly vessels of specialty focusing for advertisers in light of the fact that it makes your brand pertinent to the buyers, helping it to addition footing. Inns, restaurants and stores are the leaders in terms of gaining by the area-based administrations. Time for nonirritating and micro content are also very different trends that commonly are known. Nonirritating alludes to focusing on a particular set of individuals from a given gathering. For instance, while arriving at crowds on a social outworking stage like Backbone one can thin down the intended interest group focused around their experience, demographic, areas, and so forth. Case in point, assume you are beginning up with operations Just in India couple of neighboring nations, then why squander your valuable Advertising bucks on arriving at everybody. Simply narrowest! Make a fight for the individuals in these geologies and receive the best in return. Nonirritating will be considerably more vital in the following few months to come as substance with setting is getting to be more critical by the day. Portable promoting makes it much simpler. 3 Concerning substance in the versatile advertising space, it has gotten shorter and will keep on getting shorter. That is the manner by which it better speaks to versatile viewers. A six second feature or a snatch photograph with a reasonable message is fit for doing a ton greater to your brand than one can envision. 3 Mobile instant messaging is the aspect that has been targeted and is still used by the producers to gain the attention of the consumers. There is a gigantic surge in the quantity of dynamic clients of versatile based social informing applications like Weight, Watchstrap, Trek Errand person, and so on. This plainly shows that buyers are truly snared on by the testing versatile applications and there lies an extraordinary as far as making messages that achieve buyers and are pertinent to them and not interrupting. 3 Personalization and customization and increasing interest in the wearable technology are another two most different trends, which contribute, in the marketing strategy. While versatile purchasing of items is not a huge pattern yet, there is a solid pattern of scrutinizing items for portable and afterward set disconnected from the et to purchase them. This is at the end of the day a gigantic open door. This is the place customized and modified offers can assume an incredible part. Advertisers can utilize customized offers to change over these searchers into real purchasers. For instance, if a purchaser is perusing and investigating travel ends of the line in Europe, he or she will perceive ads blazing with less expensive flight tickets AND Inns in those goals. 3 All things considered, simply a couple of years back wearable engineering may have quite recently seemed like an extravagant thing from a science fiction motion picture, et not any longer. With items like Google Glass and save. â€Å"y’ watches, wearable innovation is changing a considerable measure as far as the way purchasers carry on. While the wearable engineering may not be a pattern yet, however it unquestionably is getting up to speed. When it turns into a piece of day-by-day lives of buyers, there will be entire better approach to charm them. 3 Another trend on which the focus can go would be emails. This trend isn’t much popular but it still contributes. Messages may have begun decade’s prior as PC- centered correspondence, however they aren’t that any longer. How to cite Mobile marketing trends, Papers

Master Harold And The Boys Essay Example For Students

Master Harold And The Boys Essay The play Master Harold and the Boys by Athol Fugard takes place in a small Tea House in Port Elizabeth in South Africa. The play starts off with Sam and Willie, two black servants at the restaurant cleaning and talking about a ballroom dance tournament coming up. Hally, a teenage white boy whose parents own the restaurant walks in after coming from school and begins to have a conversation with Sam and Willie. In the period of only an hour and a half or so, Sam, Willie, and Hally give a small glimpse of a very big problem. Through past memories they talk about the differences between the white and the blacks from education, to employment, to overall segregation, and to the relationships blacks and whites have with each other. In the play, Sam and Willie play servants who work at a restaurant owned by Hallys parents. They have a low level job and arent paid much. They are ordered around to basically do everything from cleaning the floors to serving the food. While Hallys parents sit back and reap all the profits, Sam and Willie work hard to barely get paid anything. Hally and Sam later have a discussion about the Jubilee House, which was a boarding house Hallys parents used to own. Hally describes the Jubilee house as not the best times of his life. Sam and Willie were also servants at the Jubilee house and they lived in the servants quarters, which was separate from the boarding house. After Hally comes home from school, Sam takes a look at some of his books and asks him questions about what he doesnt understand or know. They go on to have a discussion about Men of Magnitude trying to agree on someone they both think has made an important contribution to the world. After suggesting several names, Sam and Hally eventually agree on Sir Alexander Fleming, the inventor/discoverer of penicillin, as being a man of magnitude who has done something to benefit the world. Sam is very motivated to learn but he never had the opportunity since he is black and the education system for blacks is much poorer than for whites. For years when Hally was in school, Sam would take a peek at his books or ask him questions about what he was learning. Sam is very motivated to learn and since he never had the opportunity to go to school, he had to learn secondhand from what Hally was learning. Sam credits himself as the reason why Hally started doing better in school. They pushed each other to learn more and do better. The play gives a couple of examples of everyday segregation. One of the first examples also is tied in with the working conditions during the apartheid era. Sam and Willie are servants, which is a low level job. Also, they happen to work in an all white city, and the only reason they are allowed to be in that city is because they work there. Another example is when Sam and Hally are flying the kite, and Sam tells Hally that he has to leave. When Hally asks Sam why he has to leave he tells Hally that he has to go do work. Later in the play he explains to Hally that he couldnt sit and stay with him because it was a whites only bench. Near the end of the book Sam recalls a memory he had about helping out Hallys father. He remembers Hally asking him to come and help retrieve his father, who was passed out drunk in a hotel. Hally first had to go into the hotel to ask permission for Sam to come in and help out his father. Sam threw Hallys father over his back and carried him home where they then cleaned him up and put him to bed. The play shows a glimpse of the relationship between the blacks and the whites. When Hally first enters the store, he greets Sam and Willie as if they are his friends, not his servants. .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab , .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .postImageUrl , .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab , .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab:hover , .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab:visited , .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab:active { border:0!important; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab:active , .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaec663f7636210fb01bfc4898be4bfab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare the presentation of your chosen character in the play with the presentation of the same character in an adaptation of the play EssayThey have the discussion about men of magnitude and then Hally begins to ask Sam and Willie questions about the ballroom dance tournament so he can write a paper about it. Right in the middle of talking about the ballroom dance tournament, Hally receives a phone call from his mother telling him that his father who is in the hospital is coming home. They argue on the phone for a couple minutes and when he gets off his mood changes and he begins to order Sam and Willie around. He begins to make fun of his father for being a cripple when Sam interjects and tells Hally to stop making fun of his father. Thats when Hally begins to make fun of Sam. He eventually orders Sam to call him Master Harold, and not Hally. Sam refuses to be lowered to that level and Hally spits in his face. After almost hitting Hally, Sam gives in and begins to call him Master Harold. Sam then begins to recall some memories he had. He tells Hally that he had a dream for him. He didnt want Hally to be like his parents and be racist. He wanted Hally to look at life a different way. He tells Hally that he has failed him.

Sunbeam Corporation and Chainsaw Al Essay Example For Students

Sunbeam Corporation and Chainsaw Al Essay OTTAWA UNIVERSITY FINANCE ADMINISTRATION POST-CLASS ASSIGNMENT MODULE 5 FAHRIAN C. H. CHOE STUDENT ID: 128370 MELAKA # 03 DUE: JULY 5, 2004 FINAL CASE IN FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING SUNBEAM CORPORATION AND CHAINSAW AL Prepared For Richard Brewington Instructor Ottawa University International Prepared by Fahrian C. H. Choe Student Ottawa University International June 30th, 2004 CONTENTS Page Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. i Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Dunlap’s Action Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Accounting Practices Raise Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Lawsuit †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Reference †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Executive Summary This report is based on Sunbeam Corporation and Albert Dunlap, the CEO from 1996 till 1998. In July of 1996, Michael Price and Michael Steinhardt hired Dunlap as the CEO and chairman of the board for Sunb eam Corporation. As two of the original investors who bought Sunbeam from bankrupt Allegheny International, Price and Steinhardt together own 42 percent of its stock. We will write a custom essay on Sunbeam Corporation and Chainsaw Al specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prior to hiring Dunlap they had tried, unsuccessfully, to sell Sunbeam. They believed that he was the one person who could turn the company around and increase stock prices and profits. The increase in stock prices did occur, almost instantly. The turnaround took just fifteen months. On July 19, 1996, the day Dunlap was named chairman and CEO of Sunbeam, the stock jumped 49 percent. The jump increased the share price from 12 ? to 18 5/8, adding $500 million to Sunbeam’s market value. The stock continued to increase and reached a record high of $52 per share in March 1998. Corporate turnaround specialist Al Dunlap, whose penchant for slashing jobs earned him the nickname Chainsaw Al, His plan involved massive cuts to the companys product lines, plant closings and major cutbacks in the number of employees at Sunbeam. He called for the same types of cutbacks at previous companies he headed, including Scott Paper. As head honcho at Scott Paper, Sunbeam and other once-sleeping giants, Dunlap has turned around balance sheets with dramatic speed and results. Dunlap had built quite a reputation for himself. He was well regarded by Wall Street and the investment community for his track record in dramatically boosting shareholder value at troubled companies. To investors who made millions by following him, Dunlap was, if not a god, certainly a savior (2). In 1997, on the basis of Sunbeam’s financial statements, it appeared that Sunbeam’s turnaround had been accomplished. In 1998 Sunbeam began a series of acquisitions of Coleman Inc. , First Alert Inc. , and Mr. Coffee, all synergistic businesses related to Sunbeam’s core businesses. In the first Quarter of 1998 the stock hit its all-time high of $52 per share. By June 1998, the companys directors had fired Dunlap, commenting that they had lost confidence in his leadership abilities. Dunlaps dismissal comes less than two years after the company recruited him. Three years later, Sunbeam was in bankruptcy court and by May 2001 Dunlap was charged with fraud by the SEC. Dunlap was charged with orchestrating a fraudulent scheme to create the illusion of the successful restructuring of Sunbeam and facilitate the sale of the Company at an inflated price. (1) By September 2002, Dunlap had been banned from ever serving as an officer or director of a public company. He also was required to pay a $500,000 fine. (The New York Times; September 5, 2002). By December 2002, the company announced that it had emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. This announcement came with a name change for the company, from Sunbeam Corporation to American Household Inc (The New York Times; December 19, 2002). The purpose of finance is to maximize shareholders wealth. How did pressures for financial performance contribute to an organizational culture that tried to manipulate quarterly sales and to influence investors?. Introduction When John Stewart and Thomas Clark founded the Chicago Flexible Shaft Company in Dundee, Illinois, in 1897, they probably never expected the company would be facing ethical and financial dilemmas more than a century later. Like many corporations, the firm has changed and faced many crises. It has acquired rival companies, added totally new product lines, changed its name, gone through bankruptcy, gone public, rebounded, restructured and relocated. Sunbeam is a well-known and recognized designer, manufacturer, and marketer of consumer products. Sunbeam products are considered household staple items and are known for their use in cooking, health care, and personal care. Over its 100 years of operation, Sunbeam has grown and changed according to societal needs. It operates facilities in Canada, England, Hong Kong, Mexico, the US, and Venezuela. In June of 1996, Sunbeam Corporation needed help. Its earnings had been rapidly declining since December 1994, and by 1996, the stock was down 52 percent and earnings had declined by 83 percent. Sunbeam also had 12,000 employees as well as 26 factories worldwide, 61 warehouses, and 6 headquarters. This when Albert Dunlap also known as Chainsaw Al came into the picture. He received his reputation as one of the country’s meanest executives because he ruthlessly eliminated thousands of jobs. He was known for his ability to restructure and turn around troubled companies. His philosophy was deficient in regards to ethical responsibility. Shareholder wealth, at any cost, was his only goal. Dunlap’s Action Plan In order to make money for shareholders, Dunlap created and followed four simple rules of business. Get the right management team, cut back to the lowest costs, focus on the core business and get a real strategy. In following those four rules, Dunlap helped turn around companies in seventeen states and across three continents. The champion move he made was to work on the first step of his four simple rules of business, get the right management team. Once the first step had been accomplished, Dunlap and the â€Å"Dream Team† for Sunbeam quickly went into action implementing the second rule. The second of Dunlap’s four simple rules is to cut back to the lowest costs. .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 , .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .postImageUrl , .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 , .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0:hover , .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0:visited , .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0:active , .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0 .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4d4671d23e44fad4f909bed4b8e6b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greece And Rome EssayAs expected, and true to his reputation, layoffs occurred. After less than four months as the chairman and CEO of Sunbeam, Dunlap announced plans to eliminate half of the 12,000 worldwide employees. Another method used by Dunlap to cut back to the lowest costs was to reduce the number of SKUs (stock keeping units) from 12,000 to 1,500. The reduction of SKU enabled Dunlap to eliminate unneeded factories and warehouses, which was another cost-savings method. This made it possible to reduce the number of headquarters locations. The third step was to focus on Sunbeam’s core business, which first needed to be defined. Dunlap defined the core business as electric appliances and appliance-related businesses. Five categories surrounding the core business were identified as vital to Sunbeam’s success: kitchen appliances, health and home, outdoor cooking, personal care and comfort, and professional products. All products that did not fit into one of these five categories were sold. The final of Dunlap’s four simple rules of business is to get a real strategy. Dunlap and his team defined Sunbeam’s strategy as driving growth of the company through core business expansion by further differentiating products, moving into new geographical areas, and ntroducing new products that tied directly to emerging customer trends as lifestyles evolve around the world. Each of Dunlap’s four rules had been reviewed and changes had been made within seven months of his taking the position to complete the turnaround of Sunbeam. The stock had risen to over $48 per share, a 284 percent increase si nce July 1996. In October 1997, just 15 months after accepting the position as chairman and CEO, Dunlap issued a press release stating the turnaround was complete and was looking for a buyer for Sunbeam. Unable to get the price he wanted, Dunlap decided to invest by purchasing companies. On March 2, 1998, Sunbeam acquired 82 percent of Coleman (camping gear), Signature Brands (Mr. Coffee) and First Alert (smoke and gas alarms). Two days after these purchases were announced; Sunbeam’s stock jumped to a record high of $52 a share. With share prices the highest they had ever been and 1997 net income reported at $109. 4 million, Sunbeam truly seemed to have turned the corner, at least on paper. Dunlap accomplished what he set out to do at Sunbeam, but the shareholder wealth did not last.. Sunbeam is again facing rough times. Soon after the purchases, rumors began emerging that the three purchases were made to disguise losses through write-offs. On Saturday, June 13, 1998, the board of directors agreed that their confidence in Dunlap and his ability to turnaround Sunbeam was lost, stating his immediate departure would be necessary. Chainsaw Al was told that same day, via a one-minute conference call, that he was the next person to be cut at Sunbeam. Accounting Practices Raise Questions Paine Webber Inc. analyst Andrew Shore had been following Sunbeam since the day Dunlap was hired. Shore had been scrutinizing Sunbeam’s financial statements every quarter and considered its reported levels of inventory for certain items to be high for the time of year. He noted massive increases in sales of electric blankets in the third quarter, which usually sell well in the fourth quarter. He also found it odd that sales of grills were high in the fourth quarter, an unusual time of year for grills to be sold, and noted that accounts receivable were high. On April 3, 1998, hours before Sunbeam announced a first quarter loss of $44. 6 million, Shore downgraded the stock. By the end of the day Sunbeam’s stock price fell 25 percent. Dunlap had been using a bill and hold strategy with retailers, which boosted Sunbeam’s revenue, at least on the balance sheet. A bill and hold strategy involves selling products for large discounts to retailers and holding them in third-party warehouses to be delivered at a later date. In essence, the strategy shifts sales from future quarters to the current one. By booking sales months prior to the actual shipment or billing, Sunbeam was able to report higher revenues in the form of accounts receivable, which inflated its quarterly earnings. In 1997, the strategy helped Dunlap boost Sunbeam’s revenues by 18 percent. A bill and hold strategy is not illegal and follows the General Accepted Accounting Principals (GAAP) of financial reporting. Even though the bill and hold strategy is not illegal, many shareholders felt the company had deceived them so they would purchase Sunbeam’s artificially inflated stock. Several decided to file lawsuits alleging that the company made misleading statements about its finances. Lawsuit A class- action lawsuit was filed on April 23, 1998, naming both Sunbeam and its CEO as defendants. The lawsuit alleged that Sunbeam and Dunlap violated federal securities laws by misrepresenting and or omitting material information concerning the business operations, sales, and sales trends of the company. The lawsuit also charged that the motivation to artificially inflate the price of the common stock was so Sunbeam could complete hundreds of millions of dollars of debt financing to complete the mergers with Coleman, First Alert, and Signature Brands. Sunbeam’s subsequent reporting of earnings significantly below the original estimate caused a huge drop in the stock. The Securities and Exchange Commission filed a civil injunctive action in U. S. District Court in Miami, Florida, against Dunlap and four other former officers of Sunbeam. The Commission alleges that the Defendants engaged in a scheme to fraudulently misrepresent the Companys results of operations in connection with a purported turnaround of the Company. When Sunbeams turnaround was exposed as a sham, the stock price plummeted, causing investors billions of dollars in losses. 4) Albert Dunlap agreed to pay $500,000 to settle Securities and Exchange Commission charges that he defrauded investors by inflating sales at the largest U. S. maker of small appliances. The SEC alleged. Dunlap was the guiding presence at Sunbeam when it did a panoply of things wrong, SEC assistant enforcement director Richard Sauer said in an interview. A number of Sunbeams accounting irregularities, which included using â€Å"cookie-jar reserves to exaggerate the companys turnaround from 1996 to 1998, have e choes in more recent accounting cases at Enron Corp. nd WorldCom Inc. Sauer said. Sunbeams auditor was Arthur Andersen LLP, which also audited the books at Enron and WorldCom. (3) Discussion Dunlap authored a book entitled Mean Business where he stressed that making money for shareholders is the most important goal of any business. When he was hired by Sunbeam to turn the fortunes around, Dunlap’s concern was only maximizing shareholders wealth. Dunlap used the four simple rules of business which helped turn around companies in seventeen states and across three continents. The four simple rules however could not help Sunbeam. Chainsaw Al Dunlap, earned his nickname for his propensity to recklessly slash jobs. His poor management decisions tanked company stock value, sparked shareholder lawsuits and prompted a federal investigation into company accounting practices. Dunlap insisted for results and in desperation several management staff manipulated the accounts so as to show g reater profit. Good profit news can light a fire under a companys stock. Most of Sunbeam’s senior executives have compensation packages tied to stock-price and earnings targets. .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 , .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .postImageUrl , .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 , .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088:hover , .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088:visited , .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088:active { border:0!important; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088:active , .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088 .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua075abbda28e005b766641373d9d9088:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Daddy 2 EssayInvestors profit by correctly divining which companies will meet or exceed expectations and which will fall short. As for accounting firms, if they help a company meets its numbers, sometimes by ignoring or even suggesting, some pretty dubious bits of bookkeeping; then they can usually count on retaining the companys lucrative auditing business and maybe pick up a consulting contract as well. But for all the attention paid to the quarterly profit, its not much use in predicting a companys future performance and future cash flows, theoretically the basis for determining the value of a share of stock. Quarterly profit report says next to nothing about a companys prospects beyond the next quarter and even over such a short time horizon, the reports predictive value is severely limited. For a company thats trying to position itself as a turnaround story or as a fast-growing superstar, even one bad quarter is one too many. In such cases, a company may stretch its ingenuity and accounting standards to the limit in order to put the best possible face on disappointing results. It may resort to borrowing sales and profits from the next quarter to cover a shortfall in the current quarter. One popular tactic is selling goods to customers who arent ready to buy yet. To make the deal attractive to the buyer, the seller often finances the purchase interest free and, in some cases, picks up the cost of storing the goods until the customer is ready to take delivery. It often appears harmless, a matter of offering a few customers incentives to place an order a little ahead of schedule. But that seemingly innocent practice can get out of hand. The trouble with borrowing future sales to pad current results is, of course, that the loan must eventually be repaid. Companies often plan to square accounts as soon as business picks up. But sometimes business never improves, and the deception becomes more and more difficult to disguise. Thats what happened at Sunbeam. When summer rolled around, its customers already had all the grills they needed, so the company had no fresh revenue in which to bury the sales it had borrowed during the winter. From the last quarter of 1996 until June 1998, Sunbeam Corporations senior management created the illusion of a successful restructuring of Sunbeam in order to inflate its stock price and thus improve its value as an acquisition target. The management employed numerous improper earnings management techniques to falsify the Companys results and conceal its deteriorating financial condition. In June 1998, negative statements in the press about the Companys sales practices prompted Sunbeams Board of Directors to begin an internal investigation. This resulted in the termination of certain members of senior management, including Sunbeams chief executive officer and chief financial officer, and, eventually, in an extensive restatement of the Companys financial statements from the fourth quarter of 1996 through the first quarter of 1998. As a result, Sunbeams restated 1997 income was approximately one-half of the amount previously reported. Conclusion Flexibility, the great virtue of most accounting systems as practiced in most of the developed world, is also those systems weak point. In honest hands, most accounting systems are up to the job of providing a reasonably accurate rendering of a business’s financial performance. Accuracy, however, is not always the aim of those who manage a corporation or stand to gain from ooperating with management, be they board members or outside accountants, analysts or investment bankers. All may have an interest in manipulating the accounting system to produce a misleading, distorted, or downright fictional portrayal of a business’s health and prospects. Companies like Enron and others have shown how easy it is to manipulate companies financial statements. Maximizing shareholders wealth is important but it should not be at the expense of manipulating the financial pe rformance of the company. Reference 1) R. Laing, Jonathan. June 8, 1998) Did â€Å"chainsaw al† dunlap manufactured sunbeam’s earnings last year? Available online : http://www. kellogg. nwu. edu/faculty/hayes/ftp/Articles/sunbeam_barrons. html 2) Chainsaw al, He anointed himself Americas best CEO. but al dunlap drove sunbeam into the ground. Businessweek On-line (Oct 18, 1999) Available online : http://www. businessweek. com/1999/99_42/b3651099. htm 3) Roland, Neil Mathewson, Judy. (September 4, 2002) Sunbeam ex-CEO chainsaw al dunlap settles SEC case. Washington Bloomberg News. Available online : http://securities. tanford. edu/news-archive/2002/20020904_Settlement03_Roland. htm 4) Norris, Floyd. (September 5, 2002). Ex-Sunbeam CEO agrees to huge fine on SEC charges. Chainsaw Al Dunlap also cant accept executive job offers. New York Times. Available online : http://www. sfgate. com/cgibin/article. cgi? file=/chronicle/archive/2002/09/05/BU234335. DTL. q„? â₠¬Å" ¤?  §ou §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ °Ã‚ ±~ â‚ ¬ ? „ ? XYEI µ mnU? II uo? o UoNUoUoIoAo ¶Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ §oUuo—o†°? o? u? o†°? u? oe-jh„eUmHnHtHuh„eB*CJaJphh„eB*phh„eCJUmHnHuh„e? h„am

Personality And The Nature Vs Nurture Debate. essays

Personality And The Nature Vs Nurture Debate. essays Psychology is a scientific analysis of state of mind and behaviour. These studies have been taking place for over the last hundred years, the nature versus nurture debate is something that many psychologists have been unable to agree on for quite some time. A person in favour of the nature theory would believe that the genetic build up of someone is what determines his or her personality. A person in favour of the nurture theory would believe that the environment is what determines his or her personality. Skinner was a behaviourist and is probably best known for his writing on operant conditioning. He believed that most behaviour was a product of what he named ABC. This stands for Antecedents, behaviour, and Consequences. Antecedents are thought of as stimuli e.g. if someone is working in a factory and hears the sound of a bell they may leave their work area for their lunch, the bell is the stimuli (antecedents) to go for lunch. Behaviour is our actions, what we are doing. Working on the factory line or taking notes from the supervisor are both parts of behaviour linked to a day at work. Consequences are the outcome of the behaviour. Getting promoted at work, a pay rise, a good reference or even just a pat on the back from the boss are all consequences of good behaviour in the place of work. According to Skinner, we learn consequences of good behaviour by reinforcement. There are two kinds of reinforcement, positive and negative, e.g. if a child was at school and the teacher was to ask a question (stimuli) and the child was to answer (behaviour) the question correctly, then hopefully the teacher would praise (consequence) the child for doing so, this would be positive reinforcement and the child is likely to repeat this behaviour. However, if the child did not answer the question correctly and the teacher criticised the child for it, then this would be considered negative reinforcement and it would be un...

Overview of Spanish Verb Tenses

Overview of Spanish Verb Tenses It almost goes without saying that the tense of a verb depends upon when the verbs action takes place. So it shouldnt be surprising that the Spanish word for tense in the grammatical sense is tiempo, the same as the word for time. In the simplest sense, there are three tenses: the past, present, and future. Unfortunately for anyone learning most languages, including English and Spanish, it is seldom that simple. Spanish also has a tense not connected to time, as well as two types of simple past tenses. Overview of Spanish Tenses Although both Spanish and English have complex tenses that use auxiliary verbs, students often begin by learning four types of simple tenses: The present tense is the most common tense and the one invariably learned first in Spanish classes.The future tense is most often used to refer to events that havent happened yet, but it can also be used for emphatic commands and, in Spanish, to indicate uncertainty about current happenings.The past tenses of Spanish are known as the preterite and the imperfect. To simplify, the first is usually used to refer to something that happened at a specific point in time, while the latter is used to describe events where the time period isnt specific.The conditional tense, also known in Spanish as el futuro hipotà ©tico, the future hypothetical, is different than the others in that it isnt clearly connected with a particular time period. As the name implies, this tense is used to refer to events that are conditional or hypothetical in nature. This tense should not be confused with the subjunctive mood, a verb form that also can refer to actions that arent necessarily real. Verb Conjugation In Spanish, verb tenses are formed by changing the endings of verbs, a process known as conjugation. We sometimes  conjugate verbs  in English, for example adding -ed to indicate the past tense. In Spanish, the process is much more extensive. For example, the future tense is expressed using conjugation rather than by using an additional word such as will or shall in English. There are five types of conjugation for simple tenses: Present tenseImperfectPreteriteFutureConditional In addition to the simple tenses already listed, it is possible in both Spanish and English to form what is known as the perfect tense by using a form of the verb haber in Spanish, to have in English, with the past participle. These compound tenses are known as present perfect, the pluperfect or past perfect, the preterite perfect (limited mostly to literary use), the future perfect and the conditional perfect. A Closer Look at Spanish Tenses Although the tenses of Spanish and English are very much alike- after all, the two languages share a common ancestor, Indo-European, with origins dating to prehistoric times- Spanish has some peculiarities in its tense usage: The differences in the past tenses of ser and estar can be especially subtle.Sometimes, the word used to translate a Spanish verb can vary depending on the tense used.It is possible to describe events that will happen in the future without using the future tense.While the English auxiliary verb would is often an indication that the conditional tense is being used, such isnt always the case.Although the conditional tense is a common one, there are also  conditional sentences that use other forms of verbs.By using estar as an auxiliary verb in the various tenses, it is possible to form progressive verbs that can be used in various tenses.

The Main Types of Investment Products Research Paper

The Main Types of Investment Products - Research Paper Example All these four asset classes have their own combination of growth and risk associated with it. The asset allocation strategy of an investor among the various asset classes is influenced by a multitude of factors and is as much art as it is science. While investors with more risk appetite will opt for equity-based investment products, an investor who prefers stability or in other words is a risk-averse will prefer Debt/Fixed income investment tools more. However, financial companies have designed investment products that are not pure-play Equity/Fixed income/Cash instruments but are hybrid in nature and have varied components of equity, debt and cash instruments. Pooled investments are managed by professional fund managers and are considered to be safer for individual investors. These pooled investments have exposure to almost all asset classes to spread risk, maintain growth rate and liquidity. Stock represents a part of ownership in a firm. Buying stock of a given company is equivalent to being a part owner of the company, and the investor, in essence, becomes part owner of all future earning of the company. The value of an investment in stock is dependent on the performance of the company. If the company performs well, the value of the investment goes, and vice versa. Investment in stock entails higher risk as compared to other investment products like fixed income/debt/bonds and cash instruments. Additionally, money invested in stock has lower liquidity as compared to other products. However, the possible upside of investment in stock is much higher as compared to other investment products. Investment in stock should be done only after proper research on the company, its future prospects, the market it is operating in and other factors influencing the company. It is very strongly recommended to invest in a group of companies (portfolio) rather than investing in a single company. By investing in companies from different domains and with varied market capitalization, the inherent risk can be substantially managed. However, developing and managing a well spread out portfolio requires a good amount of research, insight and constant tracking that may be difficult for an individual investor. One of the best ways of avoiding this effort is by investing in Mutual Funds. A Mutual fund is an investment company or a trust in which investors pool their funds and invest them in a wide variety of securities. (District Human Resources, n.d.) Â  

Is Censorship Good or Bad for the Society Outline

Is Censorship Good or Bad for the Society - Outline Example The author of the paper states that censorship is both beneficial and disadvantageous but it should be applied for certain reasons and should be avoided for others. Several laws in the media industry have been created regarding the issue of censorship and the need for such laws has been highly demanded. On the other hand, those not in the favor of censorship state that censorship has no importance and complete viewership should be accepted by law and media. The debate regarding the question of whether censorship is good or bad for the interest of the public is viewed from several angles. Those who oppose censorship state that it violates constitutional rights.  The coalition further stated that a society that is based on pluralist grounds can never agree on any issue and will have a difference of opinion and this difference of opinion is necessary to achieve creativity and growth that is intellectual in nature. This means that the coalition believes that one of the most important r ights that an individual has is the freedom of communication and it is necessary to develop a healthy democracy. One of the concerns related to the infringing of the right to freedom of speech is that it will result in a chilling effect. The chilling effect is defined as a discouragement of conducting a completely lawful act due to fear of punishment (Margolis 103). Julie Hilden states that reactions that resulted due to the exposure and scandal of Janet Jackson allow the Congress to pass laws and regulations that are not necessary for the society (as cited in Tavani, 296). She even stated that censorship was assumed to be necessary by the Congress even if it infringes upon the right of freedom of speech and she even figured out that Congress is blaming - and imposing laws of censorship on - those parties that were not even directly or indirectly involved in the scandal. Powell has stated that he had no problems in applying liability and holding broadcasters responsible even if they were not the perpetrators of the crime (Minkin 123). Those who are in favor of censorship state that Constitution can be differently interpreted depending upon the case being argued. They even state that interpretation of freedom of speech under the First Amendment is not as easy to understand as it might seem.  

Gender segregation in children Essay Example for Free

Gender segregation in children Essay According to research children establish and maintain same gender relationships, the play in groups which are mainly composed of their own gender. Gender segregation has been observed in children as young as three years. Gender segregated social groups among children is significant within the segregated groups since children do experience different world from other peers and they have an opportunity to learn gender typed skills, roles, characteristics which are deemed by society. Gender segregation among children leads to different patterns of social interactions and play experiences promoting differences in their social, intellectual, and emotional development (Kimberley, 1995, p. 61). Children interaction is different depending on whether is a girl or a boy. Gender segregation is mostly influenced by expression of social interactions mainly during preschool activities. Cognition on play partners on children correlates with preferences of play partners. Social cognition accounts for changes in age in sex segregation (Martin, 1999, p. 751). Different interactive styles of children of different genders This examines individual variations in child pretense play and expression emerging mental representation. Children develop different interactive styles which are to some level at odds. Boys and girls react differently to situations with boys being more resistant and avoidance than girls (Martin, 1999, p. 755). There is a gender gap in the interactive styles among children. Child solitary play child are initiated y their mothers with maternal demonstration and solicitation. Mother symbolic and children language positively influence collaborative child play with verbal intelligence from child solitary play (Kimberley, 1995, p. 62). Different language/communication styles of children of different genders Communication language has been found to be harder in girls than in boys. Girls have significantly greater activation language areas in their brains compared to boys. Boys talk more and they are more assertive regarding their social interactions compared to girls (Kimberley, 1995, p. 62). Children stereotype believes about different gender roles Children learn mostly from parents with differences on how boys and girls behave being facilitated by differences on how they are treated by parents, teachers and friends (Martin, 1999, p. 760). Gender have differences on different issues like aggression, learning and they differently react to different situations (Kimberley, 1995, p. 64) Different preferences of different toys by different gender All over the world boys and girls play with different types of toys. Boys mostly prefer cars and trucks while girls prefer dolls. This is so because sociologically boys and girls are encouraged to play with different types of toys by their peers, parents or the society (Kimberley, 1995, p. 67). Theoretical (biological, social, cultural, etc. ) explanations for the gender differences Sex is believed to be natural but gender is cultural and a social construction. Differences among individuals in different gender are attributed to their choices but the differences are mainly as a result of gender conditioning. They undermine common humanity and individual freedom (Kimberley, 1995, p. 69). Children learn most things from their parents, teachers and peers. Socialization brings about sex role attitude. Parental influence changes children attitudes. Children behave based on their gender is also influenced by parents, teachers and media (Martin, 1999, p. 762). Annoted Bibliography Kimberley, K., (1995), â€Å"Gender segregating among children: understanding the ‘Cootie Phenomena’,† Journal of young children, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 61-69 This articles reviews on development of gender role and discusses on how boys and girls are different. It discusses on gender segregation on why children choose playmates of the same sex, how they develop different interactive styles, differ in their communication language, how they have different roles in their stereotype believes, how they differ in their preferences on toys and the theoretical explanation of gender differences. Martin, C. , Fabes, R. , Evans, S. , Wyman, H. , Fabes, R. , (1999), â€Å"Social Cognition on the Playground: Children Beliefs about Playing with Girls versus Boys and Their Relations to Sex Segregated Play,† Journal of Social Personal Relationships, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 751-771 This article argues on individual variation in child pretense play as expression of emerging mental representation. There is family sociodemographic characteristic, maternal affective, maternal personological and cognitive play behaviors among children. According to this article, cognitive advantages on child play and maternal influences on child play which is put in the framework of adaptive parenting.

The Offense Principle :: essays research papers

The Offense Principle claims that individual liberty is justifiably limited to prevent offensive behavior. I believe that the Offense Principle provides the correct liberty limit n principles that the state should invoke. The state should prevent behavior that causes shame, embarrassment and discomfort from pornographic material and cts.There are three conditions that are typically understood to be part of the Offense Principle. The first condition states that behavior must be significantly offensive. A person burping in public is not offensive enough to be limited under this condition. But a man urinating as he walks down the street is significantly offensive and should be limited.The second condition states that the behavior must be offensive to almost everyone. This is an important condition because I think that if only a few people find something offensive, does not constitute the act to be limited. Many people may believe that someone picking his nose in public is offensive but not almost everyone believes this act to be offensive, therefore, this act could not be limited. A man masturbating in public is offensive to almost everyone, therefore, this act should be limited.The final condition states that an offensive act should be limited if you have to go out of your way to avoid the act. An "adult" bookstore containing pornographic material should not be limited because one does not have to go out of their way to avoid the store. They simply just do not enter into the store. But a man and woman having sex on a bench should be limited because one would have to restrain from looking in certain directions to avoid seeing the offensive act.I believe that pornography in public should be banned. This includes stores that sell pornographic material. Instead, these magazines and other pornographic materials should be kept separately in a private room, where you must be an adult to enter and purchase materials. Pornographic material that is kept privately either to be sold or to be viewed or used in the privacy of one's home, should not be banned. I see absolutely no reason why a person should not be allowed to view pornographic material in the privacy of their own home.Some people may argue with me and say that the Harm Principle should be invoked by the government. They may say that pornography increases the likelihood of harm. And I somewhat agree. I am sure that some harm has occurred because of pornography.

Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper

Part 1 ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gross domestic product (GDP) – GDP is the total market value of all final services and goods produced in a given year in a given country. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Real GDP – Real GDP is the result of the production activity within a given country at a specific years prices. If one compares two or more periods of time using the same year’s prices for goods and services then the result is a purchasing power comparison as seen over time. This happens because the inflation effects have been mitigated by using constant prices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nominal GDP – Nominal GDP is simply GDP that has not been adjusted for inflation. Nominal GDP does not reflect purchasing power but does show how an economy has expanded and contracted in dollars. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unemployment rate – The most basic definition of an unemployment rate is those people who are unemployed but are actively seeking work and willing to work. It is typically expressed in the form of a percentage. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inflation rate – inflation is usually expressed in an annual percentage and is the price increase for goods and services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interest rate – An interest rate is the percentage of the principal funds that is charged and paid for the use of money. It is expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR) for loans and annual percentage yield (APY) for interest earned. Whether one is experiencing a decrease in their taxes, is part of a massive layoff of employees, or is simply purchasing groceries, there is a resource flow from one entity to another and back again. Those entities cover government, businesses, and households.How those resources ebb and flow will differ with each situation and have an impact in a â€Å"trickle-down† effect from the government to businesses and finally to households. Decrease in Taxes When the Government decides to reduce taxes, the tax typically assumed to see the reduction is the income tax. â€Å"According to the  Internal Revenue Service (IRS), approximately 43% of tax revenues are generated through this tax. Personal income taxes are levied against income, interest, dividends and capital gains, with higher earners generally paying higher tax rates. (Investopedia, 2012) When a tax reduction occurs, the government will collect less taxes which reduces the amount of monies available for entitlement programs. Households can be affected in a couple of different ways. If a household is a higher wage earning household then less taxes can result in more discretionary income to spend at businesses who offer services the household members wish to utilize. If the household is lower income the decrease in taxes will increase their income but will adversely affect any entitlement programs in which they may be enrolled.For businesses, the reduction in income tax will affect their businesses per the consumer impact. If there is more discretionary income then more money is available to spend on their goods or services. If there is less discretionary income, then of course, the opposite would be true. Massive Layoff of Employees From a government standpoint and governmental employees, when there is a massive layoff of governmental employees, historically, there has not been more than a ripple in the unemployment rate overall.A 1995 survey and a subsequent 1999 follow up to municipalities in Illinois found that the average amount of people still unemployed after a governmental layoff was only 3. 8%. (Reason Foundation, 2012) From a governmental employee standpoint, there is not a large scale economic impact which means that the majority of affected governmental workers will still have income to spend at businesses and for their household needs. When private sector businesses have a massive layoff occur, they are required by Federal law to notify the affec ted employees 60 days in advance.The employees have an opportunity to look for other jobs in that timeframe, however, resources will begin to be held back by the households in the case of long term unemployment which will in turn cause business who offer the good and services to the affected families to experience a decrease in sales. Purchasing of Groceries Groceries are an inelastic product. People will purchase food regardless of the price because they need to eat.When a household purchases groceries, and pays a higher price for them in one grocery store versus another, the business which earned the opportunity for the sale will benefit. The government does not benefit from a tax standpoint on non-processed foods. Processed foods, however, are taxable; which is a benefit to the government. The Government may also pay a producer not to produce a food so as to stabilize the market. A couple of examples of this situation are in the commodities of rice and wheat.Producers are paid no t to plant as much so the market price of the end product is stabilized. In fact, those producers are paid not to produce so there is no loss of income to those households. Conclusion Whether one is experiencing a decrease in their income taxes, is part of a massive layoff of employees or is simply purchasing groceries, there is a resource flow from government, businesses, and households. Resource flow also has an ebb phase. The entire cycle is driven by an almost an amazing number of determinants.These determinants all have an effect on the final outcome as to where and how the Government, businesses, and households use their finite resources. References Richard Coultier, Do Tax Cuts Stimulate the Economy? (June 23, 2010) Retrieved on January 23, 2012 from http://www. investopedia. com/articles/07/tax_cuts. asp#axzz1kIPnIgcg The Reason Foundation, Privatization and Layoffs (March 1, 2001) Retrieved on January 23, 2012 from http://reason. org/news/show/privatization-and-layoffs

Family Guy Essay

Family guy is a dysfunctional family that lives in Quahog, Rhode Island. The parents: Peter and Lois. The children: the oldest, Meg, the middle child, Chris and the baby is Stewie. Last but not least, the dog Brian. This TV show exhibits crude, adult humour. There are many different opinions on this show, many parents are ok with letting there children watch it and other refuse to do so because of the kind of humour some parents are on edge. So is family guy a negative influence on children? I believe it does have a negative influence on kids. To start the language they use, secondly the violence and actions towards each other and other and also it is a very sexist show. Firstly, the language used in the episodes of family guy is a very vulgar, crude, dirty and coarse. They swear a lot for example when Brian talks to Megs friend he says, quote â€Å"you know Connie, I think I have a theory about why you’re such a bitch†. If kids watch this on TV by fictional characters they can’t tell that its not the way to talk so they can repeat it at school or even say it to there parents and they do not want their children to talk that way. Also the language they use that discriminates different races, religions and gay people is negative on the children watching this show it gives them the impression that it’s ok, so if in school or at the shopping center they see a person of colour or even if they know a person of different religion they might talk to them and say things that are very inappropriate. For example where the children could get it from, episode two of season eight , the whole episode is about Jewish people, Louis finds out that she and her mother are Jewish and wants to peruse fallowing the Jewish culture but then peter says to her â€Å"Jews are gross Lois. It’s the only religion with the word ew in it. And there are also the comments that discriminate against people of colour and to do so they use Kermit the frog, the black man sitting in a boat (looks like he is escaping from being a slave) asks him â€Å"which way to get into town? † Kermit replies with a shot gun in his hand â€Å"back from where you came from†. This is just a tiny bit of what happens in the show. This show is very negative on children and they way they will interact with other in public. They also make fun of amputees, this can be very harmful to the way children interact with other kids that have this kind of problem example Joe is Peter Griffins neighbour and there is an episode that says no legs no service. Also, this show is a very sexist show, they always make reference to women being in the kitchen and that is all they’re good at for example, in one episode peter tells Louis that making sandwiches and babies are the only thing she is good for. This kind of behaviour shows to young children that women are no good for anything because that is how the men on this show treat the women. There’s also lots of coarse language towards women, for example Quagmire a neighbours always has many women over to his house for pleasurable reasons and you hear him call them names like whores, bitches, sluts and more this foul language towards women is another bad influence. Also peter has a teenage daughter Meg, everyone in the show is mean to her. This girl is treated very badly for example in an episode she had sexual intercourse with a guy and a little after that the guy Brandon, broke up with her, in another episode she has another boyfriend Luke and Louis, her mother stole him away from her. Peter never listens to her and Brian always picks on her. This gives the children watching a sense that’s it is ok to treat women like dogs because in the end they stay with you. Because no matter what kind of pranks or insults Peter does to Louis she never leaves him. Lastly, the amount of violence and the stupid actions that the characters do is a big part of family guy there’s always someone getting hurt or doing something illegal for example doing drugs. They have an episode dedicated to four-twenty; there are many episodes that show peter, Louis and Brian doing weed and other drugs like meth and cocaine. Also one of the episodes shows peter bringing Stewie his baby to a man that injects him with steroids because he was beat on by another baby but it was a girl and peter wanted Stewie to be a strong baby. This give the impression to children that taking drugs is ok because family guy does it. Nothing bad ever happens to these characters only funny events or they come out of it. It doesn’t show them the side effects or any of the real effects it has on them so kids think its only play and when its offered to them by others like friends they will take it and this can all lead to hospitalization and even death. But the children won’t see that on TV. Also there’s an episode that Stewie shoots Louis and pushes her over a boat into the water and dies but there’s a turn around and at the end of this episode Louis is really alive. If a child who doesn’t know any better sees this he will not understand that it is not real and that if you shoot someone they will most likely die. So if this child happens to find a gun in his father’s drawer and starts playing with and they’re playing cops and shoots the other child he will not think anything of it because in family guy the character came to life again, but in real life the child is dead. This will have a negative effect on the child and all he thought was that he was playing. The violence in this show is for an older audience, it will only have a negative effect on younger children. In conclusion, family guy is a show full of violence, drugs, sex, coarse language, racism and more. It should only be viewed by an older audience and not younger because it makes younger children who don’t know what is real and what’s not and what’s wrong and what’s not, react to different situations. So should TV shows like family guy be cancelled completely?

Use of Simulation in Military

Use of Simulation in Military The military has got a variety of applications which require new technology such as simulation. The uses include training the officers, rehearsing for military operations, testing and conducting evaluations and analyzing the effectiveness of war activities. Military training can be classified into training at the units or technical training. Technical training is usually structured from the time it begins till its end while training at the unit involves practical use of the tools that the trainee will be expected to use.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Simulation in Military specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various types of simulation used by the military in its operations and in offering training to the officers. The simulation can be subdivided into two the first sub division comprising of systems and the people. The second sub division can comprise systems and people combined together and it can a lso be in such a way that there is neither people nor systems or one of the two. The first type of simulation used in the military is live simulation. This type of simulation is comprised of systems and people that are alive in a situation involving a large group of people taking part in a simulated battle. The simulated battle employs live weapons and other equipment used in war. This type of simulation is intended at preparing the officers for war. It is a real encounter that soldiers experience without necessarily going to battle fields. Militaries of different countries establish several locations in their countries to offer this type of training (Hang, 2011). The second application of simulation in the military is the use of virtual simulation. It is among the most widely used new technologies in the military. It is used by military personnel to offer training to soldiers and aviators to guarantee success in the battle fields. Virtual simulation is used in conjunction with tank simulators which are used in training soldiers effective use of battlefield tanks. Virtual simulation has made it possible for soldiers and operators of the tanks to network and take part in simulated wars even when they are in different locations. The wars would otherwise have been impossible because of the costs involved in transporting the soldiers and purchasing the required equipment were they to be conducted live. The training offered through virtual simulation enables the soldiers to acquire new skills that are crucial in war by participating in the exercises (Sokolowski Banks, 2009). During the periods when soldiers were exposed to live exercises, many injuries and even deaths were reported in training sessions. Although the live exercises are still carried out in the military, they have been made less dangerous because soldiers first go through training through virtual simulation. Virtual simulation saves huge amounts of money that would have been used in live training an d gives soldiers the required fighting skills.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other type of simulation used in the military is constructive simulation. This type of simulation brings together weapon systems and military personnel which are simulated. It is based on computer systems where simulated fighting is employed in training military personnel who command in the fields and other military staff. The training is offered in areas such as logistics, strategic planning and making plans on other tactics used by the military personnel (Simpson West, 2011). Some of the reasons that justify use of simulation in the military include cutting down the costs incurred in operations, offering feedback to instructors as well as taking care of the environment. For example, the cost involved in operating simulators is relatively lower as opposed to carrying out live operatio ns. Simulation also guarantees safety since it is much safer to undertake some operations on the simulator while the same operations are dangerous when conducted live. The simulators are also environmentally friendly since they do not produce smoke like aircrafts. References Hang, H. (2011). Simulators always valuable in military training. Available from  https://www.army.mil/article/19599/simulators_always_valuable_in_military_training . Sipson, H., West, W. (2011). The Use of Simulation in Military Training: Value, Investment, and Potential. Web. Sokolowski, J., Banks, C. (2009). Modeling and simulation for analyzing global events. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

An Assessment between the Movies, Japans War in Color and Why We Fight

An Assessment between the Movies, Japan's War in Color and Why We Fight The films â€Å"Why We Fight† and â€Å"Japan’s War in Color† are vastly different from one another due to objectivity of the films. The ways that these two films present themselves give hint to the purpose that these films were trying to make. The film, â€Å"Why We Fight† was commissioned by the Department of Morale, and was meant to give reason for America’s involvement in Asia. The film’s purpose is obviously meant maintain and gain support for the war effort on America’s mainland. The film is targeted at American citizens living in places like Atlanta, Georgia, Washington D.C., or in Portland, Oregon. The film, â€Å"Japan’s War in Color† offers an analytical approach to the various causes of the war in Asia. The objective of this film is to provide a more accurate depiction of the causes and effects of the war in Asia. This film being targeted towards scholars of this area of history. The first contrast that needs to be made between these two films is the nature of their narrators. It seems to be that in the film â€Å"Why We Fight†, the entire dialogue is made by what seems to be a masculine American voice. When the narrator is interrupted, it is in place of an American source, such as the ambassador of China speaks about Japan’s occupation in China. Even when the US ambassador is speaking, he seems to be reading allowed cue cards. Now this is purposively done in order to make the US a hero as much as possible. Even the use of a masculine voice is done purposively to bring about sentiments of honor and duty. Now in the other film â€Å"Japan’s War in Color†, different perspectives are given, which themselves are spoken in a Japanese dialect. Both sides are shown, such as small pockets of rebellion against the military emperorship of Japan, and even hardline militarist Japanese testimonies. What makes that special is that little room fo r biases are left, since both sides are shown in equal proportions. Now this is done simply because this how the academia works, evaluation and detective work must be done. Next what needs to pointed out is what type of footage is shown between the two films. I could not but help but get a sense that military demonstrations were the bulk of the film â€Å"Why We Fight†. Then oddly enough, a few scenes seem to be taken from Hollywood films, especially when they were describing the old Chinese culture. One scene describing the Great Wall of China, the footage of men on horse back in what seemed to steppe bandits looked very Hollywood clichà ©. But the over use of military demonstrations, marches, soldiers storming trenches, close ups on Japanese soldiers looking menacing is done with the objective of making the US seem a hero in comparison of the Japanese. Even the depiction of the Chinese make it seem that they are under the US responsibility. The use of debasement is placed on the Chinese, sense one they are not given any representation other than the narrators own view of them, and makes it seem that they can not help themselves from the Japane se forces. The footage in the film â€Å"Japan’s War in Color† is extremely different from â€Å"Why We Fight†. First off, footage of typical Japanese life is shown, such as people working in the fields, footage of Tokyo on a normal day, footage various festivals. The footage attempts to encapsulate the whole human experience in the 1930’s and early 1940’s in Asia. Indeed, there is footage of war, but in this film it is hard at times to distinguish who is harming who. War is depicted as messy and full of collateral damage. Much rather this film isn’t attempting to call for more war, but expose the vices of war. While trying to find some similarities between these two films, they only seem to agree based on the large historical facts, for example Japan’s occupation of Korea and Manchuria, Japan being the single most powerful state in Asia, and Japan’s imperialist campaign in Asia. But how these are expressed and analyzed are in different formats. For example, in â€Å"Why We Fight† these events are expressed in a outsiders point of view, which in this case is described as Japanese aggression. In the film, â€Å"Japan’s War in Color†, opinions are expressed from mainland Japan, people in China, intellectuals, soldiers on both fronts opinions are expressed to see their motives and explanations for taking part in the war. In summary, the contrasts overweigh the similarities between the films. These two films have two complete different objectives. The makers of each film had in mind a certain way of depicting the war in mind. In the â€Å"Why We Fight†, it was a propaganda film meant to maintain support for the war in America. Certain things were done to achieve this such as refusing to use Japanese sources, focusing on the military aspect of Japan, and debasing the Chinese as helpless people needing American assistance. The film â€Å"Japan’s War in Color† was a academic piece meant to expose the different views that were held during this time in Asia. To explore both the militarist, the common folk, the liberals, the radicals, and the unaccounted for. The film was meant to explore the human experience that occurred in this time of human civilization.

Unilever and Nestle are facing political and economic challenges in Essay

Unilever and Nestle are facing political and economic challenges in middle eastern and north African countries - Essay Example Financial productivity is the main aim of every financial establishment. For the past several decades, Unilever and Nestle companies have operated on good financial bases. On average, Nestle gets 28% of its finances from European markets, 44% of the revenues from the Americas and 28% from Africa, Oceania and Asia. Likewise, Unilever makes a large portion of its profits from Europe and the United States of America (Nestle 2006, 12). There is relatively low revenue collected by both companies in the Middle East and North African countries. These parts of the world are particularly unproductive for Unilever and Nestle given the political instability in the regions. Governance of countries in the Middle East and North Africa do not encourage Foreign Direct Investment given unpredictable economic policies (Unilever 2013, 32). Given the instability of political environment in North Africa and Middle East, economic situation of the populations around the regions curtails the purchasing power of the inhabitants. A complete essay of this paper will answer the question: How do Unilever and Nestle face political and economic challenges in Middle Eastern and North African countries? It places a hypothesis that economic and political challenges in these regions have negative effects on investment of the two companies in the

Hematology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hematology - Essay Example In the blood system, Pluripotent haematopoetic cells become any type of cell. The type of a cell to become is determined by pluripotent cells that differentiate it in a wise way. 1 Proliferation is multiplication of blood cells in a human being. When an embryo is being developed, formation of blood takes place in the yolk sac in aggregate of blood cells. Blood formation takes place in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes and development goes to advance stages. Eventually, the task of blood formation is taken by bone marrows in the entire body system when they develop. However, proliferation of lymphoid cells usually occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. In adult, haematopoiesis usually takes place in marrows of long bones like femurs and also in ribs and sternum where we have spongy bones. At times, spleen, liver and thymus recommence their haematopoietic function commonly known as extramedullary haematopoiesis. 2 Differentiation is a process whereby cells acquire a type in regard to haemopoiesis. During differentiation, cell morphology changes drastically although generic material still remain the same with some few exceptions. In many aspects of cell physiology, differentiation involves changes in regard to shape, metabolic activities, polarity, size, and responsiveness to signals whereas gene expression profil

Communication in media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Communication in media - Essay Example In addition to this, the growth in the Internet sphere has been phenomenal. The European Union along with United Kingdom has been one of the first few to recognize the rising problems in this sector and the need to control the media and its happenings. In addition to these technology changes, it is also found that there is a growing convergence of all the technologies. Every one of these services is available on any of the media that is needed by the user (European Commission, 1997). Controlling and monitoring the changes that are happening in the industry is becoming more important. This paper would review the nature of changes that have come about in the industry and the need to control and monitor them. It explains the effective ness of the control that is already in place in UK in the form of Ofcom and what are the major lacunas in the controlling mechanism. Though UK and the media all over the world has been talking of self-control, frequently media has overstepped its brief and has trespassed into the private domain. Ofcom was launched as a regulatory authority to ensure that adequate and appropriate control exists in the wireless sector as well as to ensure that the media does not trespass into private domain and sink the liberty of the individual in the name of media liberty. Regulation is required to also ensure that there is no chaos in the wireless world. With new medias like the telephones getting highly personal, the infringement of private domain is happening too frequently. This necessitates regulation. 3. History of Regulation in UK and Europe 3.1 Early Regulations on Media Media regulation in UK started in the form of a Press Complaints Commission, which was an independent body that was working on the various complaints and issues that came about the press reports, and accuracy of the information or the personal infringement it caused. By June 1990, government's Committee on Privacy issued a report that made clear submissions about the pseudo independence of the Press Complaints Committee and reported reservations on the way the press and the media worked (Laurence Raw, 1998). Government at that time issued a stern warning to the press to organize themselves if they did not want government to interfere in their working. By 1993, the second committee recommended an ombudsman for taking care of the press invasions into privacy and also a Press Commission that would monitor the press freedom as well as ensure that the limits are not surpassed. However, the government passed regulations as a part of the civil law to restrain press from 'spying, prying, watching and besetting' into the private affairs of an individual citizen. The other regulations on the broadcasting media were the Broadcasting Acts of 1990 and 1996. 3.2 Regulation of Television in UK and Europe 1990s also saw massive changes sweeping the European Union as well. Television without Frontiers (TWF) and Open Network Provision (ONP) form the core of the early regulation regime in Europe. When the regulation was introduced, it invoked negative reaction from the industry, which foresaw the reentry of controls in the industry as the form of regulatory mechanisms. The 1989 'TWF' regulation paved way for viewing television as a service and one that could transcend the national borders across the

Impact of the Stressors of Undercover Operations

Impact of the Stressors of Undercover Operations The present paper has three purposes: (a) to discuss undercover operatives and the stressors inherent to undercover operations based on literature review, (b) to outline the proposed research project, (c) and to examine the expecting findings, conclusions, limitations and relevance for policy and practice of the proposed research project. Keywords: undercover officer, police, stress, personality test It is almost impossible to turn on the news or to watch prime time television without a reference to a takedown or a main character on a sitcom who is an undercover operative. Society is fascinated and romanticizes undercover operatives. These operatives are often portrayed in high risk situations which they usually take on and survive triumphantly. Nevertheless, what most of these news headlines and sitcoms miss is the very complex and difficult work that make up most successful undercover operations. In fact, the public rarely if ever hears or reads about the impact that undercover operations have on the operatives and their personal lives. With the increase in the numbers of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents working undercover, in 1979 the FBI administration became concerned with the detrimental aspects of the personal commitment required for undercover operations. In 1980 a study was conducted to determine the nature and extent of the stressors being experience by undercover operatives in order to devise methods of reducing their negative effects. The current study will replicate the analysis conducted in 1980. In addition, the present study will further examine the stressors inherent to undercover operations and will focus on undercover operatives negative emotions, reactive behaviors and coping strategies. Problem Statement Undercover operations impact not only the undercover operatives professional life but their personal life as well. There is very little research that addresses this impact or the strengths and limitations of undercover work. The empirical research on police stress in general and undercover stress specifically is limited by quantity, how current and relevant the results are, and the methods employed. The current study seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the stressors inherent to undercover operations and determining an undercover agents coping strategies (personality, psychological and social) when dealing with these stressors. Relevance of the Problem As the numbers of FBI agent and task force officers conducting undercover work continue to increase, so do the numbers of psychological assessments being conducted by the FBI Undercover Safeguard Unit (USU). Currently, many of these undercover operations include the infiltration of terrorist and extremist groups. These types of operations have successfully prevented planned terrorist operations in Portland, WA and Baltimore, MD. Nevertheless, the literature has little to offer on the stress brought on by issues such as dual betrayal which is inherent in these types of operations, and represents one of a number singular stressors involved in undercover operations. It is important to examine dual betrayal and other stressors inherent to undercover work in order to determine the risk factors as well as the protective factors that can contribute to the psychological well being of an undercover operative. Implications for policy and/or practice Based on the results of this study recommendations can be made on selection, supervision and administrative procedures designed. These recommendations will seek to minimize the extraneous forms of stress which may negatively impact an undercover operative. In addition, the outcome of this study should help to sensitize the undercover operative and their supervisors to the most destructive forms of stress and to identify the warning signs which indicate that these forms of stress have reached a dangerous level. Lastly, the result of this study can be used to develop new and innovative investigative approaches and techniques in psychological assessments and counseling that would address the undercover employees psychological well-being and operational readiness to engage and/or continue to function in covert or day to day investigations. Literature Review Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are faced with very unique and stressful situations. These situations may include face to face encounters with violent offenders as well as crime scenes with diseased and injured offenders and victims. Many times these law enforcement officers are rejected by the same community they have taken an oath to protect. There are communities which lack respect an admiration for an institution they deem as cruel and corrupt. Therefore, law enforcement officers must effectively mediated and counteract the inherent job related stressors as well as those stressors which are unique to their identity as police officers (Noblet, Rodwell, Allisey, 2009; Adams Buck, 2010; Shane, 2010; McCarty, Zhao Garland, 2007). Many LEOs are unable to successfully incorporate adaptive strategies for mediating occupational stressors. Unfortunately, some of these LEOs succumb to traditionally maladaptive coping mechanisms. This in turn negatively impacts their personal and professional lives which results in more stress and unfavorable outcomes. There are particular segments of the law enforcement community that are exposed to greater number of systemic stressors than others. These LEOs often have workloads that significantly impact their opportunity and ability to utilize coping strategies and to minimize the effects of experienced stressors (Waters Ussery, 2007; Gersho, Barocas, Caonto, Li Vlahov, 2009). Undercover operations attract LEOs who are highly conscientious and have performed well and reliably under stressful and demanding circumstances. Undercover operations are sought out by agents/taskforce officers and their supervisors alike. These types of assignments are often viewed as a stepping stones to professional advancement and personal achievement. There are LEOs who excel in undercover assignments; these officers successfully adapt potentially harmful distress changing it into beneficial stress (eustress). Nevertheless, a review of the literature indicates that LEOs who have healthy coping mechanism are the exception and not the rule. Undercover operations impact the LEO as well as those who surround them. Long-term undercover operations in particular required excessive amounts of time and dedication that are at times inconsistent with the perception and ideologies of many experienced officers (Cuttler Muchinsky, 2006; Cochrane, Tett, Vandecreek, 2003). Long-term operations require the development of a unique relationship with the target. Additionally there is a different relationship between these undercover operatives and their supervisors which at times can intensify an undercovers feelings of isolation and abandonment. These undercover LEOs role playing requirements can be confusing and distressing which in turn negatively impacts their social relationships. Many times the unspecified but understood requirements of undercover operations can end in the downward spiral of a brilliant career, resulting in dysfunctional relationships, personal hardship, a loss of self-esteem and self-respect, and mental and physical damage (Noblet, Rodwell, Allisey, 2009). Several factors can contribute to this downward spiral. Lack of adequate training, lack of effective supervision, unrealistic work demands and an under covers constant need to succeed in an operation are some of the factors that have been observed. Unfortunately, undercover operatives who do not succeed in their respective operations as perceived by the undercover or their supervisors succumb to feelings of shame and embarrassment, become withdrawn, irritable, at times lashing out against the target due to fear, frustration or displaced anger. Undercover operations would seem to heighten the emotional stressors already present in the law enforcement community. Nevertheless, those undercover operatives who acknowledged the negative effects of stressors and reach out for assistance are likely to be ridiculed and ostracized by their colleagues and supervisors. These officers are at times labeled as weak, untrustworthy and/or damaged goods (Cuttler Muchinsky, 2006). In order to understand the impact of stress on law enforcement operatives, it is important to examine stress from an individuals perspective. This examination should include the detrimental and beneficial impact of undercover operations on the professional, personal and social environment of an operative. Most individuals seek to minimize stressors and maximize the rewards (psychological at times) in order to carry on their everyday lives. The sense of purpose from successfully performing an assignment at work and at home can be one such reward. An individuals occupation can provide a source of pride, accomplishment and personal achievement. Nevertheless, this same occupation can be embedded in a stressful environment that fosters frustration causing mental and physical harm. LEOs are constantly exposed to dangerous situations, emotional distress by others, threats to personal safety and life altering split second decisions. This may be compounded by the lack of respect from the public, frustration with the criminal justice system and accumulated experiences of critical incidents. This leaves the LEO susceptible to chronic stress. This is considered a unique trait of the law enforcement profession (Swenson Plebanski, 2009). Additionally, an undercover operatives self expectations and demands from the law enforcement subculture can add to the experiential stressors and behavioral responses. Unique coping strategies in dealing with these stressors have been observed within the law enforcement community. The literature has examined the maladaptive coping strategies that are utilized and the impact that these strategies may have on undercover operatives personal, professional and social lives. These maladaptive coping strategies include but are not limited to; emotional detachment cynicism, alcohol abuse, sexual promiscuity, and high risk behavior (McCarty, Zhao, Garland, 2007; Shane, 2010) . The impact that these maladaptive coping strategies may have on the undercover operatives life has not been succinctly analyzed or discussed in the literature. The empirical research indicates that work assignment can be related to levels of experienced stress within the law enforcement community and can contribute to the subsequent use and acceptance of alcohol as an attempt to mediate levels of stress. Coping strategies that are utilized to address the issue of work related stress are serious concerns for all LEOs; however, some assignments within the law enforcement community may be seen as more stressful than others and may be more pertinent for examination of both work related stress and coping strategies (Gershon, Barocas, Canton, Li, Vlahov, 2009). Undercover assignments, for instance, have been identified as one of the most stressful duties within the law enforcement community. Consequently, further examining the impact of undercover assignments on LEOs can provide a valuable contribution to the literature on police stress (Krause, 2008; Varela, Boccaccini, Scogin, Stump, Caputo, 2004). The psychological problems that can be encountered by a LEO in undercover operation include but are not limited to paranoia, isolation, nervous tension, depression, fear, and anger. Furthermore, more serious personality disorders appear common among officers, both during and after the completion of undercover operations. These disorders also may involve depression, anger-hostility, differing phobias, paranoia, psychotic ideation, and interpersonal insensitivity (Adams Buck, 2010; Carlan Nored, 2008). Overall, the level of suspicion that many officers encounter, and cannot effectively deal with, may cause problems in all areas of their professional and personal lives. In addition to the inherent stressors of undercover work, officers also can experience levels of alienation from society, as well as from their colleagues. The anger and resentment experienced by undercover officers may lead to a self alienation, which exacerbates previous feelings and contributes to the stressors being experienced by the LEO (Carlan Nored, 2008). Finally, undercover assignments can place additional, and sometimes overwhelming, pressure on the personal lives of those involved in such operations. Partners of those assigned to undercover operations are subjected to odd working hours and unpredictable schedules. They are faced with days and even weeks of the officer partner being away from home, and they may experience continual concern for the safety of the LEO. Additionally, operatives engaged in undercover operations are often involved in a role that requires late night partying, the consumption of alcohol, and interactions with members of the opposite sex with whom the officer is attempting to gain trust and confidence. In this setting, the officer may undergo changes in personality and lifestyle as a result of the role, which becomes apparent to the significant other. These stressors represent only a number of the issues that most undercover operatives must effectively deal with day in and day out. Research Strategy Undercover law enforcement officers are dealing with a number of stressors such as divorce, psychological disorders and suicide. In some cases undercover law enforcement officers, given these and other stressors, have been involved in criminal behavior, corruption, and espionage. It is important to determine the nature and extent of the stressors inherent with undercover work and to devise methods of reducing their effects. The purpose of this study is to: Identify those stressors inherent to undercover assignments within federal and local LEOs and to determine the relationship between specific personality, psychological and interpersonal relations orientation styles and the ability to cope with stressors prevalent in undercover operations. The questions being examined are: Is there a significant correlation between personality styles (independent variable) and an undercover law enforcement officers ability to cope with stressors prevalent in undercover assignment (dependent variable)? Is there a significant correlation between psychological characteristics (independent variable) and an undercover law enforcement officers ability to cope with stressors prevalent in undercover assignment (dependent variable)? Is there a significant correlation between interpersonal relations orientation (independent variable) and an undercover law enforcement officers ability to cope with stressors prevalent in undercover assignment (dependent variable)? The research questions will be addressed through the use of validated and reliable psychometric tests. A quantitative research design consisting of psychometric test administered to LEOs assigned and formerly assigned to undercover operations, as well as those who never have been so assigned, will be utilized. Recognizing the impact of undercover assignments on the individual officers involved can assist in addressing the bigger issue of the impact on the law enforcement community. This research has implications for law enforcement agencies concerned with the emotional and professional welfare of officers assigned to undercover duties, and it provides some understanding of the effects of such operations on officers at the individual, social, and professional levels. Furthermore, the results of this study can provide valuable insight into the human toll of undercover operations and allows for the examination of this issue from a holistic and concerned perspective. Data Independent Variable The independent variables will an under covers personality style as measured by the 16PF or 16 Personality Factors test. An under covers psychological characteristics as determined by the MMPI-II, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Lastly an under covers interpersonal relations orientation will be analyzed with the FIRO-B, the fundamental interpersonal relations orientation assessment. Dependant Variable Ideally, measuring the stressors inherent to undercover operations and the coping strategies used by undercover operatives would address the research questions. Thus, the dependant variables measured will be the inherent stressors of undercover operations and coping strategies used. Sample The sample of participants will be a representative stratified sample. The focus will be on undercover law enforcement officers. Ideally, there will be a total of approximately 100 participants in the control and three experimental groups in order to conduct an adequate statistical analysis. This would be a total of 400 participants. Methods Approximately 400 undercover law enforcement officers will be separated into four categories: No experience (control group)- No actual experience as an operative although may possess considerable experience in undercover operations as a contact of back up. Occasional experience (experimental group)- Occasional assignment as an undercover operative for short periods of time (2 days or less). Frequent experience (experimental group)- Frequent assignment as undercover operative but not extended or continuous undercover role requirements (30 days or less). Long term experience (experimental group)- Long term or deep cover experience with extended or continuous role requirements (in excess of 30 days). Execution Procedure: The undercover law enforcement officers will be administered the following test during regularly scheduled safeguard assessments: 16 PF: 16 personality factors a personality assessment (APPENDIX I.) MMPI-II: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is test is used to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology (or SCL-90R, Millan Instrument MCMI-3) (APPENDIX II.) FIRO-B: Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) is an assessment for interpersonal relations (APPENDIX III.) The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale: The Holmes and Rahe stress scale is a list of 43 stressful life events that can contribute to illness. (APPENDIX IV.) The Coping Strategies Inventory: is an assessment designed by Rory C. Reid, MSW, Provo Counseling Center. (APPENDIX V.) Anticipated Data Analysis Plan The researchers plans on using Structural Equation Modeling in order to test and estimate causal relations (between personality traits, psychological characteristics, interpersonal relations orientation and an UCs ability to cope with stressors) using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions. Expected Findings and Conclusions I expect to identify the stressors inherent to undercover operations. In addition, to determining the specific personality, psychological and interpersonal relations orientation needed to effectively cope with the stressor inherent to undercover work. Expected Relevance for Policy and Practice Research focused on police stress and undercover operations has provided important, but limited insight into the impact of undercover operations on the professional, personal, and social lives of the operatives. There is a lack of empirical research addressing the positive values of undercover assignments from the individual perspective. Therefore, further research is required to identify the impact that undercover assignments have on the lives of those who function in this capacity. Such an understanding is required for efforts to prevent the psychological and physiological damage that can result from continual and high impact stressors faced in undercover operations, and reduce the maladaptive coping methods utilized to counterbalance such stressors. Limitations of the Research The results of this study can only be generalized to the undercover law enforcement population. The researcher also understands that sample size will also determine the genralizability, validity and reliability of this study results to the undercover community. In addition, the operational definitions for four categories of undercover officer, coping strategies and inherent stressors to undercover operations can create bias and may affect the end results of the study. Relevant IRB Issues The IRB will be concerned with determining and assuring that the information obtained on the undercover operatives is recorded in such a manner that the operatives cant be readily identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the operatives; and any disclosure of the operatives responses outside the research could reasonably place the operative at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the operatives financial standing, employability, or reputation. Given the fact that the study will use historical data currently stored at the Undercover Safeguard Unit (USU), the IRB will further be concerned with making sure that the collection or study of existing data, documents, and records is recorded by the investigator in such a manner again that operatives cannot be identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the operatives. Lastly the IRB will ensure that the approvals of academic and professional department or agency heads are obtained.